Paper 2022/1642 Original: eprint.iacr.org/2022/1642 ↗

Proofs of Proof-of-Stake with Sublinear Complexity

Abstract

Popular Ethereum wallets (like MetaMask) entrust centralized infrastructure providers (e.g., Infura) to run the consensus client logic on their behalf. As a result, these wallets are light-weight and high-performant, but come with security risks. A malicious provider can mislead the wallet by faking payments and balances, or censoring transactions. On the other hand, light clients, which are not in popular use today, allow decentralization, but are concretely inefficient, often with asymptotically \emph{linear} bootstrapping complexity. This poses a dilemma between decentralization and performance. We design, implement, and evaluate a new proof-of-stake (PoS) \emph{superlight} client with concretely efficient and asymptotically \emph{logarithmic} bootstrapping complexity. Our proofs of proof-of-stake (PoPoS) take the form of a Merkle tree of PoS epochs. The verifier enrolls the provers in a bisection game, in which honest provers are destined to win once an adversarial Merkle tree is challenged at sufficient depth. We provide an implementation for mainnet Ethereum: compared to the state-of-the-art light client construction of Ethereum, our client improves time-to-completion by $9\times$, communication by $180\times$, and energy usage by $30\times$ (when bootstrapping after $10$ years of consensus execution). As an important additional application, our construction can be used to realize trustless cross-chain bridges, in which the superlight client runs within a smart contract and takes the role of an on-chain verifier. We prove our construction is secure and show how to employ it for other PoS systems such as Cardano (with fully adaptive adversary), Algorand, and Snow White.