Paper 2023/995 Original: eprint.iacr.org/2023/995 ↗

Fast and Frobenius: Rational Isogeny Evaluation over Finite Fields

Abstract

Consider the problem of efficiently evaluating isogenies $\phi: \mathcal{E} \to \mathcal{E}/H$ of elliptic curves over a finite field $\mathbb{F}_q$, where the kernel \(H = \langle{G}\rangle\) is a cyclic group of odd (prime) order: given \(\mathcal{E}\), \(G\), and a point (or several points) $P$ on $\mathcal{E}$, we want to compute $\phi(P)$. This problem is at the heart of efficient implementations of group-action- and isogeny-based post-quantum cryptosystems such as CSIDH. Algorithms based on Vélu's formul\ae{} give an efficient solution to this problem when the kernel generator $G$ is defined over $\mathbb{F}_q$. However, for general isogenies, \(G\) is only defined over some extension $\mathbb{F}_{q^k}$, even though $\langle{G}\rangle$ as a whole (and thus \(\phi\)) is defined over the base field $\mathbb{F}_q$; and the performance of Vélu-style algorithms degrades rapidly as $k$ grows. In this article, we revisit the isogeny-evaluation problem with a special focus on the case where $1 \le k \le 12$. We improve Vélu-style isogeny evaluation for many cases where \(k = 1\) using special addition chains, and combine this with the action of Galois to give greater improvements when \(k > 1\).