Paper 2024/1429 Original: eprint.iacr.org/2024/1429 ↗

Powerformer: Efficient and High-Accuracy Privacy-Preserving Language Model with Homomorphic Encryption

Abstract

We propose Powerformer, an efficient homomorphic encryption (HE)-based privacy-preserving language model (PPLM) designed to reduce computation overhead while maintaining model performance. Powerformer incorporates three key techniques to optimize encrypted computations: 1. A novel distillation technique that replaces softmax and layer normalization (LN) with computationally efficient power and linear functions, ensuring no performance degradation while enabling seamless encrypted computation. 2. A pseudo-sign composite approximation method that accurately approximates GELU and tanh functions with minimal computational overhead. 3. A homomorphic matrix multiplication algorithm specifically optimized for Transformer models, enhancing efficiency in encrypted environments. By integrating these techniques, Powerformer based on the BERT-base model achieves a 45% reduction in computation time compared to the state-of-the-art HE-based PPLM without any loss in accuracy.