Paper 2024/1881 Original: eprint.iacr.org/2024/1881 ↗

THOR: Secure Transformer Inference with Homomorphic Encryption

Abstract

As large language models are increasingly deployed in cloud environments, privacy concerns have become a significant issue. To address this challenge, we present THOR, a non-interactive framework for secure transformer inference using homomorphic encryption. We first propose efficient matrix multiplication algorithms based on diagonal-major encoding and compact ciphertext packing. We extend these basic algorithms to support plaintext-ciphertext matrix multiplication (PC-MM) using parallel submatrix computation and ciphertext-ciphertext multiplication (CC-MM) with a baby-step giant-step strategy. We also design efficient evaluation strategies for non-linear functions such as softmax, LayerNorm, GELU, and Tanh, by integrating advanced approximation techniques with adaptive iterative methods. Our matrix multiplication algorithms outperform state-of-the-art methods, achieving up to 5.3$\times$ speedup in PC-MM for $\mathbb{R}^{768\times 768}\times \mathbb{R}^{768\times 128}$ over BOLT (Pang et al., IEEE S&P 2024) and 9.7$\times$ in CC-MM for $12\times (\mathbb{R}^{64\times 128}\times \mathbb{R}^{128\times 128})$ over Powerformer (Park et al., Preprint). THOR enables secure inference on the BERT-base model with 128 tokens in 10 minutes on a single GPU, while maintaining comparable accuracy on GLUE tasks.