Paper 2025/1490 Original: eprint.iacr.org/2025/1490 ↗

Accelerating FALCON: Speed Records for FALCON's SamplerZ on Xilinx FPGAs

Abstract

FALCON is a NIST-selected post-quantum digital signature scheme whose performance bottleneck lies in the SamplerZ subroutine for discrete Gaussian sampling. We present a throughput-optimized, custom hardware implementation of SamplerZ that introduces several architectural and algorithmic innovations to significantly accelerate signature generation. Our design incorporates a datapath-aware floating-point arithmetic pipeline that strategically balances latency and resource utilization. Our novel algorithmic innovations include an Estrin's Scheme-based polynomial evaluator and a constant-latency BerExp routine using floating-point exponentiation IP to eliminate fixed-point decomposition critical paths. Additionally, we optimize rejection handling through parallel sampling loops and propose a speed-optimized flooring circuit. These advancements lower the sampling time by 55%-81% and overall FALCON signature generation time by 36%-53% compared to the state-of-the-art FPGA implementation. In a landmark result, our work is the first to demonstrate a Xilinx FPGA SamplerZ design that outperforms state-of-the-art software (by 15%) and ASIC (by 16%) designs, advancing the practical deployment of post-quantum signatures on reconfigurable hardware.