Paper 2025/1558 Original: eprint.iacr.org/2025/1558 ↗

Lower Bounding Update Frequency in Short Accumulators and Vector Commitments

Abstract

We study the inherent limitations of additive accumulators and updatable vector commitments (VCs) with constant-size digest (i.e., independent of the number of committed elements). Specifically, we prove two lower bounds on the expected number of membership proofs that must be updated when a \emph{single} element is added (or updated) in such data structures. Our results imply that when the digest bit length approaches the concrete security level, then the expected number of proofs invalidated due to an append operation for a digest committing to $n$ elements is nearly maximal: $n-\mathsf{negl}(\lambda)$ in the case of exponential-size universes, and $n-o(n)$ for super-polynomial universes. Our results have significant implications for stateless blockchain designs relying on constant-size VCs, suggesting that the overhead of frequent proof updates may offset the benefits of reducing global state storage.