Paper 2025/1574 Original: eprint.iacr.org/2025/1574 ↗

Information-Theoretic Random-Index PIR

Abstract

A Private Information Retrieval (PIR) protocol allows a client to learn the $i$th row of a database held by one or more servers, without revealing $i$ to the servers. A Random-Index PIR (RPIR) protocol, introduced by Gentry et al. (TCC 2021), is a PIR protocol where, instead of being chosen by the client, $i$ is random. This has applications in e.g. anonymous committee selection. Both PIR and RPIR protocols are interesting only if the communication complexity is smaller than the database size; otherwise, the trivial solution where the servers send the entire database suffices. Unlike PIR, where the client must send at least one message (to encode information about $i$), RPIR can be executed in a single round of server-to-client communication. In this paper, we study such one-round, information-theoretic RPIR protocols. The only known construction in this setting is SimpleMSRPIR (Gentry et al.), which requires the servers to communicate approximately $\frac{N}{2}$ bits, $N$ being the database size. We show an $\Omega(\sqrt{N})$ lower bound on communication complexity for one-round two-server information-theoretic RPIR, and a sublinear upper bound. Finally, we show how to use a sublinear amount of database-independent correlated randomness among multiple servers to get near-optimal online communication complexity (the size of one row plus the size of one index description per server).