Paper 2025/261 Original: eprint.iacr.org/2025/261 ↗

HasteBoots: Proving FHE Bootstrapping in Seconds

Abstract

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) enables computations on encrypted data, ensuring privacy for outsourced computation. However, verifying the integrity of FHE computations remains a significant challenge, especially for bootstrapping, the most computationally intensive operation in FHE. Prior approaches, including zkVM-based solutions and general-purpose SNARKs, suffer from inefficiencies, with proof generation time ranging from several hours to days. In this work, we propose HasteBoots, a succinct argument tailored for TFHE with programmable bootstrapping. By designing efficient protocols for arithmetic operations over quotient rings, HasteBoots achieves proof generation in a few seconds for TFHE evaluation with programmable bootstrapping, significantly outperforming the state-of-the-art, Zama (CCS'25). Moreover, HasteBoots supports batching multiple TFHE evaluations and bootstrappings, a feature that prior work cannot practically support due to prohibitive proving cost. HasteBoots can prove a batch of 16 operations within one minute, while maintaining succinct verification, requiring only 126 ms and a proof size of 0.28 MB. Our approach demonstrates the potential for scalable and efficient verifiable FHE, paving the way for practical, privacy-preserving computations.