Scalable Non-Fungible Tokens on Bitcoin

Jordi Herrera-Joancomartí; Cristina Pérez-Solà; Toni Mateos

Paper 2025/641 Original: eprint.iacr.org/2025/641 ↗

Scalable Non-Fungible Tokens on Bitcoin

Jordi Herrera-Joancomartí

Cristina Pérez-Solà

Toni Mateos

Abstract

This paper presents a protocol for scaling the creation, management, and trading of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) on Bitcoin by extending bridgeless minting patterns previously used on other blockchains. The protocol leverages on-chain Bitcoin data to handle all aspects of token ownership, including trading, while integrating a secondary consensus system for minting and optionally modifying token metadata. To minimize its on-chain footprint, the protocol utilizes the OP_RETURN mechanism for ownership records, while complementary NFT-related actions are stored on the LAOS blockchain. All data remains permanently on-chain, with no reliance on bridges or third-party operators.

Metadata

Available format(s): PDF
Category: Applications
Publication info: Preprint.
History: 2025-04-08: last updated; 2025-04-08: published
Short URL: https://ia.cr/2025/641
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

BibTeX

@misc{cryptoeprint:2025/641,
      author = {Jordi Herrera-Joancomartí and Cristina Pérez-Solà and Toni Mateos},
      title = {Scalable Non-Fungible Tokens on Bitcoin},
      howpublished = {Cryptology {ePrint} Archive, Paper 2025/641},
      year = {2025},
      url = {https://eprint.iacr.org/2025/641}
}