Paper 2026/1098 Original: eprint.iacr.org/2026/1098 ↗
A gentle introduction to lattice-based cryptography
Abstract
We present four quantum-safe schemes: the Kyber (ML-KEM) and FrodoKEM key encapsulation mechanisms, and the Dilithium (ML-DSA) and Falcon (FN-DSA) signature schemes. We also develop the mathematical background on lattices needed to understand why Kyber, FrodoKEM, Dilithium and Falcon are regarded as lattice-based cryptosystems, and we provide insight into the computational hardness of the underlying lattice problems. The exposition is intended to be accessible to senior undergraduate students and beginning graduate students.
Metadata
- Available format(s)
PDF- Category
- Public-key cryptography
- Publication info
- Preprint.
- History
- 2026-09-16: last updated
- 2026-05-29: published
- Short URL
- https://ia.cr/2026/1098
- License
- https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
BibTeX
@misc{cryptoeprint:2026/1098,
author = {Alfred Menezes},
title = {A gentle introduction to lattice-based cryptography},
howpublished = {Cryptology {ePrint} Archive, Paper 2026/1098},
year = {2026},
url = {https://eprint.iacr.org/2026/1098}
}