Paper 2026/1138 Original: eprint.iacr.org/2026/1138 ↗

IcyVeil: An Output-Private DVRF Based on Icy-DVRF

Abstract

Unbiased and unpredictable randomness is a backbone of Web3 security, yet current Distributed Verifiable Random Function designs often entail a trade-off between performance and privacy. While established protocols like GLOW-DVRF achieve constant-size proofs, they rely on computationally expensive bilinear pairings that impose significant gas overhead in on-chain environments. Existing output-privacy frameworks, such as FlexiRand, are currently limited by the same expensive pairing-based operations that have high on-chain verification costs. In this paper, we present IcyVeil, an output-private DVRF that conjoins the architecture of FlexiRand with the pairing-free efficiency of Icy-DVRF. By integrating a blinding/unblinding mechanism directly into a FROST-inspired preprocessing scheme, IcyVeil enables users to mask inputs with a private nonce while the distributed committee generates partial evaluations and NIZK proofs over the veiled values. This approach eliminates the high cost of bilinear pairings during verification and maintains constant-size proofs. By adopting the pairing-free architecture of Icy-DVRF, IcyVeil inherits a 43% reduction in on-chain gas costs compared to conventional pairing-based protocols, establishing a scalable and cost-effective primitive for latency-sensitive applications such as decentralized gaming and asynchronous reward distribution.