Paper 2026/1605 Original: eprint.iacr.org/2026/1605 ↗

UC, Categorically: Rigorous Diagrammatic Proofs

Abstract

Category theory is a mathematical theory of composition, widely used in logic, computing, and physics. Here we apply it to give a theory of secure composition. In particular, we provide a categorical treatment of Canetti's Universal Composability (UC) framework for systems with a static number of parties and sessions, often termed UC for static systems, yielding four benefits. First, we present our results graphically yet retain rigor by applying a standard categorical technique known as string diagrams. In particular, our formulation of the composition theorem can be graphically verified with a short sequence of diagrams, while remaining translatable to equations and amenable to formal verification. Second, categories let us generalize so that our results extend beyond interactive Turing machines to other forms of computation, such as quantum computation or domain-specific languages. Third, categories help us drop some unnecessary restrictions of UC (e.g., our adversary can be a computational network rather than a single Turing machine); we prove equivalence between our variant and the usual UC, showing no expressiveness is lost. Finally, the categorical perspective leads us to identify and correct some minor technical oversights in the standard formulation of simple UC.