Paper 2026/1791 Original: eprint.iacr.org/2026/1791 ↗

DIME: Query-Efficient Framework for Membership Inference on Diffusion Models

Abstract

Membership inference attacks expose whether individual records were used to train a model, yet existing attacks on diffusion models are largely heuristic and can require substantial query budgets. We introduce $\textbf{DIME}$ ($\textbf{D}$enoiser $\textbf{I}$deal $\textbf{M}$embership $\textbf{E}$rror), a theoretically grounded and query-efficient framework for membership inference on diffusion models. Our starting point is an exact characterization of the optimal diffusion denoiser for a finite training set, which reveals that membership leakage is governed by the denoiser's implicit reconstruction error. This error decomposes into two complementary signals: a $\textit{bias term}$, capturing reconstruction accuracy, and a previously unexplored $\textit{local crowding term}$, capturing the geometry of nearby training examples. Both admit efficient estimators using only model queries, yielding a practical attack with as few as two queries. Across CIFAR-10/100, STL10-U, CelebA, and ImageNet, $\textbf{DIME}$ consistently outperforms prior attacks at comparable or substantially lower query cost, improving TPR at 1% FPR by up to $3\times$; remarkably, its two-query variant can outperform existing 30-query baselines. Finally, we suggest, discuss, and evaluate specific defenses to counteract such powerful membership tests.