Paper 2026/180 Original: eprint.iacr.org/2026/180 ↗

Telling the Story of Chameleon Hash Functions: A 27-Year Review

Abstract

Chameleon hash functions are trapdoor hashes that allow authorized adaptations while preserving security against outsiders. They appear in chameleon signatures, sanitizable and redactable structures, and several ledger mechanisms, yet the literature remains scattered. To our knowledge, no prior work has offered a dedicated survey or SoK on CHFs. This paper provides the first unified account, covering 1998 to 2025. We build a usable overview instead of a taxonomy dump. We collect the published constructions into a compact dataset that records underlying assumptions, trapdoor arrangements, and target security notions, and we place these results on a timeline from 1998 to 2025 to show how definitions and design choices evolved. We then provide simple maps that let the reader pivot between authorization models, trapdoor structure, and functional or algebraic features, keeping comparisons focused and avoiding unnecessary parameter detail. The result is a reference for making informed choices in real deployments. We end with a short set of future roads we believe are worth exploring, drawn from the gaps we observed and aimed at aligning CHF design with practical constraints and follow-up studies.