Paper 2026/1880 Original: eprint.iacr.org/2026/1880 ↗

Private Quantised Neural Network Inference

Abstract

Neural networks based machine learning models are used in many classification problems yet privacy issues in model usage are mostly unresolved. When a model owner provides their model to other parties for inference, either the model owner has to share the parameters of the model or the model user must share their query and result with the model owner. Depending on the usage scenario, the user’s query or query result could contain sensitive information that the model provider should not see. And on the other hand, the model parameters themselves could be a valuable business secret or leak private training data. In such cases, neural network inference must be performed in a privacy preserving manner, for example, using secure multi-party computation (MPC). We propose protocols for the private inference of neural networks and evaluate them within the Sharemind MPC secure computation framework. Our protocols are based on the per-tensor quantisation scheme in PyTorch which maps floating point model parameters to 8-bit integer values. Quantisation improves the efficiency of our protocols and our protocols are interoperable with models trained using PyTorch. We extend constant round integer convolution and matrix multiplication protocols for quantised model weights, propose constant round protocols for re-quantising values and analyse the optimal secret share bit width for efficient re-quantisation. The resulting protocols are used to evaluate the VGG16 image classification network with an amortised throughput of 24.3 s per image classification in a LAN setting.