Paper 2026/791 Original: eprint.iacr.org/2026/791 ↗

Experimental Validation of AUX scheme for Quantum Homomorphic Encryption on IBM Quantum Platforms

Abstract

Quantum Homomorphic Encryption (QHE) addresses Quantum Cloud Computing (QCC) security concerns by ensuring the privacy of a client’s data and algorithms when outsourced to untrusted third-party quantum servers. However, current QHE schemes face significant challenges: scaling computational resources introduces overhead and hardware noise, degrading accuracy and compromising security. This paper imple- ments and analyses a non-interactive AUX-QHE scheme that employs pre-generated auxiliary states for universal computation. We identify three critical computational bottlenecks: exponential growth in auxiliary state count, complex homomorphic evaluation, and extensive symbolic key updates. Through experimental evaluation on IBM Quantum hardware, we quantify the impact of NISQ noise on AUX-QHE performance and establish practical resource thresholds for deployment. Our results bridge the gap between theoretical QHE frameworks and their practical implementation on noisy quantum devices, providing concrete benchmarks for future noise mitigation efforts.